Middleton, R. M. and Kirkpatrick, M. B. Clinical use of cocaine. A review of risks and benefits. Drug Saf 1993;9(3):212-217. M. Carter, “Chapter II, Coca Leaves: Scientific Aspects”, in Cocaine the Legend, J. H.
Gumuciol, Ed., Hezbol, La Paz, Bolivia, 1995. Marshall, E. J., Solomon, K. R. and Carrasquilla, G. Coca (Erythroxylum coca) Control is influenced by glyphosate formulations and adjuvants. J Toxicol.Environ.Health A 2009;72(15-16):930-936. Cocaine was isolated and synthesized around 1860 to be used to make patented medicines, beverages and “tonics” popular until the early 20th century.
Concern about cocaine use began in many countries in the 1910s and 1920s, focusing on drug addiction and the resulting “moral ruin,” especially among young people. Laws restricting the availability of cocaine led to a decline in consumption in most of the countries studied from the 1920s to the 1960s. Studies have shown that cocaine can alter the formation or survival of new neurons in the hippocampal region of the adult brain, disrupting the growth process of new neurons. The growth of new neurons has been temporarily associated with learning and memory processes, as well as stress and mood regulation. Learning/memory and stress/mood regulation are driving forces that control addictive behaviors. Ypadú is an unrefined and unconcentrated powder made from coca leaves and the ashes of various other plants. Chiu, Y. C., Brecht, K., DasGupta, D. S. and Mhoon, E. Myocardial infarction with topical cocaine anesthesia for nasal surgery. Arch.Otolaryngol.Head Neck Surg.
1986;112(9):988-990. Vee, G. L., Fink, G. B. and Constantine, G.H., Jr. Anorexic activity of cocaine and coca extract in naïve and cocaine-tolerant rats. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1983;18(4):515-517. The coca leaf is a controlled narcotic in India under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, which is the main legislation in this area. Although its scientific and medical purposes are permitted in accordance with the law, any other indulgence, including cultivation, possession, sale, consumption, transportation, import, export, is prohibited. In the event of conviction, the penalty depends on the quantity classified as small (100 g), commercial (2000 g) and greater than small but less than commercial. When chewed, coca acts as a mild stimulant, suppressing hunger, thirst, pain and fatigue.
It helps to overcome altitude sickness. Chewing and drinking coca tea is made daily by millions of people in the Andes without any problems and is considered sacred in indigenous cultures. Coca tea is widely available, even outside the Andean Amazon. Coca has an established use in all social classes, in two provinces in northern Argentina. There is an increasing use of coca flour as a dietary supplement. Due to its stimulating effect, the coca leaf was originally used in the Coca Cola soft drink. In 1903 it was withdrawn and a decocaine extract is one of the flavorings. Hayase, T., Yamamoto, Y. and Yamamoto, K. Antidotal effects of buprenorphine on the behavioral changes that accompany cocaine and cocaine-ethanol combined toxicity.
Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 2002;71(1-2):19-27. 1. What is coca? Coca is a plant with a complex set of minerals, essential oils and various compounds with more or less pharmacological effects – one of them happens to be the alkaloid cocaine, which, in its concentrated and synthesized form, is a stimulant with possible addictive properties. The coca leaf has been traditionally chewed and brewed for centuries by its indigenous peoples in the Andean region for tea – and does no harm and is good for human health. Henderson, G. L., Harkey, M. R., Zhou, C. and Jones, R. T. Cocaine and metabolite concentrations in the hair of South American cocauans.
J.Anal.Toxicol. 1992;16(3):199-201. See the summary. Harland, E. C., Murphy, J. C., Elsohly, H., Greubel, D., Turner, C. E. and Watson, E. S.
Biological effects of non-alkaloid fractions of Erythroxylon coca. J Pharm Sci 1982;71(6):677-679. A. T. Weil, “The Therapeutic Value of Coca in Contemporary Medicine,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 3, no. 2-3, pp. 367-376, 1981. Step Eight: Cocaine base, commonly known as “crack,” is typically made by dissolving cocaine hydrochloride in a mixture of water and baking soda. The solution is boiled until the cocaine forms an oily substance that falls off the solution and settles to the bottom of the container. In the late 1800s, coca leaf extract was marketed in various forms for many purposes, ranging from improving athletic performance to treating depression and morphine addiction.
The most famous of these extracts were those marketed by Mariani, including a wine, an elixir, lozenges and a tea. However, this type of cocaine use was banned in the United States by the passage of a federal law against cocaine, the Harrison Act, in 1914. The Harrison Act, along with 46 previously passed local laws, gave pharmacists and doctors regulatory powers over cocaine distribution. Restrictions on cocaine use continued to increase when the Harrison Act and the Narcotics Import and Export Act of 1914 were amended in 1919 and 1922, respectively. The two subspecies of Erythroxylum coca are phenotypically difficult to distinguish. Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense novogranatense and Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense Truxillense are phenotypically similar, but morphologically distinguishable. According to the old Cronquist system of classifying flowering plants, they were placed in an order Linales; more modern systems put it in the order of the Malpighiales. (e) Where, in accordance with the factory procedure, coca leaves are partially removed from the individual containers, a stock record shall be attached to the container on which a complete record of withdrawals shall be kept.
Coca is used industrially in the cosmetics and food industries. A decocaine extract of coca leaves is one of the flavors of Coca-Cola. However, prior to the criminalization of cocaine, the extract was not decocaine-free and, therefore, the original Coca-Cola formula actually contained cocaine. [6] [8] [54] Favier R, Caceres E, Sempore B, et al. Liquid regulatory hormone response to exercise after coca-induced body fluid shifts. J Appl Physiol 1997;83:376-82. Small laboratories are scattered throughout the coca-growing regions of South America. Hand-picked coca leaves are soaked in gasoline and other chemicals to extract the coca base from the leaves in industrial barrels. Then the base is poured into brick molds. The water is pressed, leaving a hard, easy-to-handle brick that contains about 50% cocaine. The stones are sent to collection points where they are shipped to markets in the United States and other countries.
Step Seven: The solvents are finally removed using microwave ovens to create the base of the cocaine powder. Diabetes: Coca or cocaine, a component of coca, can raise blood sugar levels in some people. Coca can affect blood sugar control in people with diabetes. In the United States, a Stepan Company plant in Maywood, New Jersey, is a registered importer of coca leaves. The company produces pure cocaine for medicinal purposes and also produces a cocaine-free extract of the coca leaf, which is used as a flavoring agent in Coca-Cola. Other companies registered with the DEA to import coca leaves under the 2011 Federal Register Notices for Importers[85] include Johnson Matthey, Inc., Pharmaceutical Materials; Mallinckrodt Inc.; Penick Corporation; and the Research Triangle Institute. Analysts noted the significant import of coca leaves into the United States. [86] But the actual quantity is unknown, as much of it is imported illegally, are there numerous reports of coca leaves and coca teasing sold in the United States and seized in the United States by the DEA or the Drug Enforcement Administration in the states and territories? Asthma: The cocaine in coca can make asthma worse. Do not use it. Coca was first introduced to Europe in the 16th century, but only became popular in the mid-19th century, with the publication of an influential paper by Dr. Paolo Mantegazza praising its stimulating effect on cognition.
This led to the invention of coca wine and the first production of pure cocaine. Coca wine (of which Vin Mariani was the best-known brand) and other preparations containing coca have been widely sold as patented and tonic medicines, with claims of a variety of health benefits.
